BE LAB VIVA QUES

EXPERIMENT 1

 AIM:Study the operation of digital multimeter / signal generator ,cathode ,ray oscilloscope ,amplitude, phase and fq of sinusoidal ,phase signal .

Q1. What is the function of a CRO ?

 ANS-   Measurement 

Q2. What is the principal of CRO ?

  ANS-  Electrostatic 

Q3. Which component generates the electron beam ?

 ANS- Cathode 

Q4. What is used to focus the electron beam ?

ANS- Electrodes 

Q5. What deflects the beam horizontally ?

ANS- Timebase

Q6. What deflects the beam vertically?

ANS-Plates .

Q7.Which axis represent voltage?

ANS-y-axis.

Q8.Which axix represent time?

ANS-x-axis.

Q9.What type of waveform prodce on a sine wave produce on  cro?

ANS- sinusodial.

Q10. What is the purpose of the time/div control?

ANS-Scaling.

Q11. What is the phosphor-coated screen made of?

ANS-Fluorescent.

Q12. What amplifies the input signal in CRO?

ANS-Amplifier.

Q13. What type of device is a CRO?

ANS-Analog.

EXPERIMENT 2

AIM:To study and perform the experimental verification of V-I charaterstics of pn junction diode in forward and reverse biased.

Q1: What does a PN junction diode do?

Ans: Rectification

Q2: What are the two biasing conditions for a PN junction?

Ans: Forward, Reverse

Q3: In forward bias, the PN junction offers how much resistance?

Ans: Low

Q4: In reverse bias, the PN junction offers how much resistance?

Ans: High

Q5: What is the cut-in voltage of a silicon diode?

Ans: 0.7 V

Forward Bias:

Q6: What happens to the depletion region in forward bias?

Ans: Shrinks

Q7: What is the relation between current and voltage in forward bias?

Ans: Exponential

Q8: Which current flows in forward bias?

Ans: Majority

Q9: What is the current direction in forward bias?

Ans: P to N

Q10: What is the shape of the forward bias V-I curve?

Ans: Exponential

Reverse Bias:

Q11: What happens to the depletion region in reverse bias?

Ans: Widens

Q12: What type of current flows in reverse bias?

Ans: Minority

Q13: What is the reverse saturation current for an ideal diode?

Ans: Constant

Q14: What is reverse breakdown voltage?

Ans: Avalanche

Q15: What is the shape of the reverse bias V-I curve?

Ans: Flat

Miscellaneous:

Q16: What happens to current after reverse breakdown?

Ans: Increases

Q17: What is the typical reverse current in a silicon diode?

Ans: Microampere

Q18: What is the main factor determining the V-I characteristics?

Ans: Doping

Q19: What device uses PN junctions for light emission?

Ans: LED

Q20: What is the typical forward current range for a general diode?

Ans: Milliamps

14. What is the typical unit of time measured in a CRO?

ANS:Seconds

Q15. What is the full form of CRT?

ANS:Tube 

EXPERIMENT 3

AIM:To study and perform the experimental verification of zener diode voltage as a voltage regulation and calculate its parameter .

Basics:

Q1: What is a Zener diode?

Ans: Voltage regulator

Q2: What is the main characteristic of a Zener diode?

Ans: Reverse breakdown

Q3: What is the Zener voltage?

Ans: Breakdown voltage

Q4: In which bias does the Zener diode operate as a voltage regulator?

Ans: Reverse

Q5: What is the main application of a Zener diode?

Ans: Stabilization

Forward Bias:

Q6: What happens to the Zener diode in forward bias?

Ans: Conducts

Q7: What is the cut-in voltage of a silicon Zener diode in forward bias?

Ans: 0.7 V

Q8: How does the V-I curve look in forward bias?

Ans: Exponential

Q9: What type of current flows in forward bias?

Ans: Majority

Q10: What happens to resistance in forward bias?

Ans: Decreases

Reverse Bias:

Q11: What happens when the reverse voltage exceeds the Zener voltage?

Ans: Breakdown

Q12: What is the current called in reverse bias after breakdown?

Ans: Zener current

Q13: Does the Zener diode get damaged in reverse breakdown?

Ans: No

Q14: What happens to the voltage across the Zener diode during breakdown?

Ans: Constant

Q15: What is the shape of the reverse bias V-I curve?

Ans: Sharp

Characteristics and Applications:

Q16: What is the power dissipation formula for a Zener diode?

Ans: p=v*i.

Q17: What is the typical range of Zener voltage?

Ans: 2V–200V

Q18: What type of doping does a Zener diode use?

Ans: Heavy

Q19: What is the primary difference between a normal diode and a Zener diode?

Ans: Breakdown operation

EXPERIMENT 4

AIM:To study and perform the experiment of half wave and full wave rectifier .

Basics:

Q1: What is a rectifier?

Ans: AC to DC converter

Q2: What is the main difference between a half-wave and a full-wave rectifier?

Ans: Number of cycles rectified

Q3: How many diodes are used in a half-wave rectifier?

Ans: One

Q4: How many diodes are used in a full-wave rectifier (center-tapped)?

Ans: Two

Q5: What component is used in a full-wave bridge rectifier?

Ans: Four diodes

Half-Wave Rectifier:

Q6: What percentage of the input signal is utilized in a half-wave rectifier?

Ans: 50%

Q7: What is the efficiency of a half-wave rectifier?

Ans: 40.6%

Q8: What is the ripple factor of a half-wave rectifier?

Ans: 1.21

Q9: What is the frequency of the output signal in a half-wave rectifier?

Ans: Same as input

Q10: What is the main disadvantage of a half-wave rectifier?

Ans: High ripple

Full-Wave Rectifier:

Q11: What percentage of the input signal is utilized in a full-wave rectifier?

Ans: 100%

Q12: What is the efficiency of a full-wave rectifier?

Ans: 81.2%

Q13: What is the ripple factor of a full-wave rectifier?

Ans: 0.48

Q14: What is the frequency of the output signal in a full-wave rectifier?

Ans: Double the input

Q15: What is the peak inverse voltage (PIV) of each diode in a center-tapped rectifier?

Ans: Twice the input

Comparisons and Applications:

Q16: Which rectifier has higher efficiency?

Ans: Full-wave

Q17: Which rectifier has more ripple?

Ans: Half-wave

Q18: What is the primary application of rectifiers?

Ans: Power supplies

Q19: Which rectifier requires a center-tapped transformer?

Ans: Full-wave

Q20: What is the primary advantage of a bridge rectifier?

Ans: No center tap required

EXPERIMENT 5

AIM:To study and perform diode clipper.

Q1: What is the purpose of a diode clipper?

Ans: Waveform shaping

Q2: How does a clipper circuit work?

Ans: Removes part of the signal

Q3: What are the two types of clippers?

Ans: Series, Parallel

Q4: What does a positive clipper do?

Ans: Clips positive peaks

Q5: What does a negative clipper do?

Ans: Clips negative peaks

Q6: Which component determines the clipping level?

Ans: Diode

Q7: What is the role of a resistor in a clipper circuit?

Ans: Limits current

Q8: What is the input-output relationship in an ideal clipper?

Ans: Linear

Q9: Can a clipper circuit be used for both AC and DC signals?

Ans: Yes

Q10: What happens when the diode is forward-biased?

Ans: Conducts

Q11: What happens when the diode is reverse-biased?

Ans: Blocks current

Q12: What is a biased clipper?

Ans: Clipper with added DC source

Q13: How does a biased clipper work?

Ans: Clips above/below a set voltage

Q14: What is the output when input voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage?

Ans: Clipped

Q15: What is the main application of a diode clipper?

Ans: Signal protection

Q16: How is a series clipper different from a parallel clipper?

Ans: Diode placement

Q17: What does a dual clipper do?

Ans: Clips both peaks

Q18: What is the main advantage of using a Zener diode in a clipper?

Ans: Precise clipping

Q19: What happens to signal distortion in an ideal clipper?

Ans: Minimal

Q20: Where are clipper circuits commonly used?

Ans: Communication system

EXPERIMENT 6

AIM: To study and perform input output charaterstics in common base and common emitter.

Q1: What is a common base configuration?

Ans: Input at emitter, output at collector

Q2: What is a common emitter configuration?

Ans: Input at base, output at collector

Q3: What is the input impedance of a CB configuration?

Ans: Low

Q4: What is the input impedance of a CE configuration?

Ans: Medium

Q5: What is the output impedance of a CB configuration?

Ans: High

Q6: What is the output impedance of a CE configuration?

Ans: Medium

Q7: What is the current gain of a CB configuration?

Ans: Less than 1

Q8: What is the current gain of a CE configuration?

Ans: High

Q9: What is the voltage gain of a CB configuration?

Ans: High

Q10: What is the voltage gain of a CE configuration?

Ans: High

Q11: Which configuration provides phase inversion?

Ans: CE

Q12: Which configuration has no phase inversion?

Ans: CB

Q13: Which is mainly used for voltage amplification?

Ans: CB

Q14: Which is mainly used for power amplification?

Ans: CE

Q15: What is the typical application of a CB configuration?

Ans: High-frequency amplifiers

Q16: What is the typical application of a CE configuration?

Ans: Audio amplifiers

Q17: Which configuration has better stability?

Ans: CE

Q18: What is the input-output phase difference in CE configuration?

Ans: 180 degrees

Q19: What is the input-output phase difference in CB configuration?

Ans: 0 degrees

Q20: Which configuration provides better voltage gain?

Ans: CB

EXPERIMENT 7

AIM: To study and perform bridge rectifier.

Q1: What is a bridge rectifier?

Ans: AC to DC converter

Q2: How many diodes are used in a bridge rectifier?

Ans: Four

Q3: What is the advantage of a bridge rectifier over a center-tapped rectifier?

Ans: No center tap required

Q4: What type of rectification does a bridge rectifier provide?

Ans: Full-wave

Q5: What is the output frequency of a bridge rectifier?

Ans: Twice the input

Q6: What is the ripple factor of a bridge rectifier?

Ans: 0.48

Q7: What is the efficiency of a bridge rectifier?

Ans: 81.2%

Q8: What is the peak inverse voltage (PIV) of each diode in a bridge rectifier?

Ans: Equal to the input voltage

Q9: What is the purpose of the transformer in a bridge rectifier?

Ans: Step up or step down AC voltage

Q10: Which component smoothens the output of a bridge rectifier?

Ans: Capacitor

Q11: What is the primary application of a bridge rectifier?

Ans: Power supply

Q12: How many diodes conduct during each half-cycle?

Ans: Two

Q13: What happens to the negative half-cycle in a bridge rectifier?

Ans: Inverted to positive

Q14: What is the output waveform of a bridge rectifier?

Ans: Pulsating DC

Q15: What is the main disadvantage of a bridge rectifier?

Ans: Higher voltage drop

Q16: What is the efficiency formula of a bridge rectifier?

Ans: 

Q17: How is the bridge rectifier connected to the load?

Ans: Across DC output

Q18: What is the phase difference between input and output in a bridge rectifier?

Ans: Zero

Q19: Why are diodes arranged in a bridge configuration?

Ans: To utilize both half-cycles

Q20: What is the main feature of a bridge rectifier circuit?

Ans: Continuous DC output